Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Find these with these special Subject terms. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. The collection currently contains . The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. N.S. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . 82 BC. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. He was, however, defeated. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Primary Source 10. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Primary sources are original . [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. A primary source (also called original . Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Newspapers. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Tweet. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. Plutarch, writing much . Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. By. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Tools for primary source analysis. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. He brought Pompeii under siege. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). Guide. . Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders.
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