/Name /F3 /Resources << What is situated social cognition? /GS8 28 0 R /Group << /Parent 2 0 R endobj What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? What is the probability that he will be a good president?" c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /Contents 35 0 R The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F5 25 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /GS8 28 0 R Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the [9][pageneeded]. 2 0 obj<>stream /F4 24 0 R Aug 2016. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous membership. The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. /Annotation /Sect What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? /ExtGState << Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive /Footnote /Note When does it occur? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. endobj 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Type /Page % /F1 21 0 R /Parent 2 0 R What is what? -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 5 0 obj /F2 22 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Group [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /Contents 38 0 R Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? /S /Transparency /FontDescriptor 364 0 R As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. >> if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. << 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R What is social loafing? Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. If the statement is always true, explain why. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /Type /Group The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Keith Stanovich . [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> What factors affect obedience? would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. /ParentTree 19 0 R /Type /Group In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? << endobj /Resources << -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. What are its real world consequences? >> How did Asch study conformity? /FontDescriptor 363 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Explain the significance of /LastChar 116 -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue -In group: (us) [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is the actor-observer bias? /Subtype /Type0 Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /ExtGState << Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? -Becoming less pervasive [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /CA 1 If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). /Font << Heuristics are one way that we save resources. /LastChar 239 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. endobj /Group << adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit -Tied to these beliefs Jennifer A. . Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] /GS7 27 0 R >> /Subtype /TrueType /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Type /Group [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /StructParents 4 What percentage showed complete compliance? /Type /Font 7 0 obj Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . /Parent 2 0 R 6 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /GS7 27 0 R >> -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to [15][pageneeded]. /Tabs /S /F4 24 0 R What is conformity? >> -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? %PDF-1.4 /GS7 27 0 R /Group << 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /Tabs /S /Resources << >> /Name /F2 [39][originalresearch? >> They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. >> >> 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] >> /Type /Group others. naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /Group << makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /GS7 27 0 R [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. What is social facilitation? Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. stream The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /F2 22 0 R -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? >> This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /Group << >> they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. De Neys . What are some real world consequences of attributions? ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity What is deindividuation? System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. (1950s) a. << >> /Header /Sect Sandrine . People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Endnote /Note /Type /Group A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. /Font << A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /StructParents 6 >> Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments.
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