61, 25842587 (1939). We also used these period life tables to calculate the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 (Supplementary Table 7); the difference between the highest and lowest state life expectancies; the loss due to COVID-19 relative to increases in e0 and e65 (by sex and state) over the past two decades (20002020) (Supplementary Tables 8 and 9); and the setback in life expectancy due to COVID-19 identified by the years when the life expectancies estimated for 2020 and 2021 were last observed (Supplementary Table 10). Adv. COVID-19 exacerbated inequality, exposing the most vulnerable to food insecurity and severe hunger38,39. Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). EUROPE FACILITY. Sonication has previously been used to chain-shorten high-molar mass polymers with various backbone architectures31,32, including polyacrylic acid33, and has been used at scale34. IBGE. Google Scholar. Lines represent changes for Brazil. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. CAS Programme for Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) ID: LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE: Types of action: LIFE Project Grants: Deadline model: single-stage: Opening date: 13 July 2021: Deadline date: 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time . Nuzzo, J. M.C.C., N.G., T.A. . 1 Land Law III (LLAW3105) Exam DECEMBER 2021 MARKING GUIDE Examiner I: II: University #: Q1 (22) + Q2 (18) + Q3 (12) + Q4 (14) + Q5 (14) - Total Marks: (out of 80) Q Suggested points/answers Marks 1(a) Land is held under Tso, Chinese customary trust for ancestral worship and is supposed to be inalienable and perpetual. Adoption is complex, emotional, life-altering. 7 April 2022 - Full Proposal. produced all visualization. Popul. This was the case with the 1918 influenza pandemic in the United States, when e0 in 1919 was higher than in 1917, likely due, in part, to selective mortality of individuals with tuberculosis19. 2. Public Health 17, 4322 (2020). The synthetic polymer community created these impactful materials, and now, we must turn our attention towards technologies that facilitate their collection and recycling, to create a circular economy that is more sustainable7. Picture: Matt Roberts/Getty Images. Hong, M. & Chen, E. Y.-X. Rocha, R. et al. Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. Estimated change in e0 (c) and e65 (d) in 2021. Death rates from non-COVID-19 causes in 2020 likely changed between 2019 and 2020, decreasing for some causes (for example, from reduced exposure to other infections) and increasing in others (for example, from delayed or foregone healthcare or overburdening of the healthcare system). Article To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. M.C.C. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The change in the Helmholtz free energy of esterification for these two steps (A) was found to be 0.70.1kcal/mol. Rev. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. J. Appl. Rahimi, A. We calculated nRx, the age-specific and sex-specific ratio of deaths from all causes other than COVID-19 to deaths inclusive of COVID-19. Clin. Life Cycle Assess. Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 88, 5670 (2019). "Climate action". Most of their feedstocks come from nonrenewable resources3. Pocious, A. V. Adhesion and Adhesives Technology, 3rd ed. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. 109, 57555798 (2009). Locations: Colorado; Nevada, Jersey City, NJ; New York City, NY; Ithaca, NY and Westchester County, NY. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Vaccine 39, 34043409 (2021). J. The consequences of that death toll can be measured by e0, which indicates the average number of years a newborn would be expected to live if born in a specific year and subject to the prevailing mortality rates in that year throughout life. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. 8). ACS Macro Lett. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. C.M.T. For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. Article Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Fig. The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. ISPRA is responsible for the geomorphological characterization of the nesting sites and analysis for land planning and management, the geomorphological and chemical characterization of the sites and the drafting of guidelines on the management of coastal erosion for the suitability of the nesting habitat.The project partnership is composed of: Anton Dohrn Zoological Station; University of Rome La Sapienza; Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Balmes University Foundation, Spain; National Organization of Italian Dogs; Cestmed, France; Basilicata Region; Puglia region; Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Toscana; Lazio region; Campania Region; ISPRA- Italy. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. S2). After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. For all intervals except ages 01, 15 and 90+, the interval length n is 5 years wide. We also estimated changes in e65 (Fig. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Google Scholar. J. x\[s8~w! J. Phys. Lancet Glob. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) marketGlobal industry analysis, size and forecast. Due to these challenges, the focus has been on re-use of recovered materials, rather than recycling; for example, the recovered superabsorbent polymers have been explored for enhancing the water retention properties of soil21,22. 48, 21812190 (2015). Characterisation of the first 250,000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data. and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. The adhesive properties of the synthesized polyacrylates were evaluated using rheology and analyzed with respect to Changs viscoelastic window (VW), which classifies different adhesive types48. Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). Thiounn, T. & Smith, R. C. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. 4074 https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes (IBGE, Coordenao de Geografia, 2016). Assists in troubleshooting SAP transactions; provide support to operations and maintenance. Polym. Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. performed all wet-lab experimental work under the guidance of A.J.M. We did not make any corrections for the under-registration of deaths. Based on the total number of deaths reported in Brazil in 2019 and 2020, we constructed period life tables and calculated the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 by state and sex (Methods). Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. Biochem. Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. interpreted the data. Diabetes Res. CAS The estimated decline for Brazil was 0.94 years for both sexes, 0.66 years for females and 1.17 years for males. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. 916 (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018). Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. Rochman, C. M. Microplastics research-from sink to source. CAS Part B 52, 873896 (2013). Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. endobj B 121, 36263635 (2017). Int. Life cycle assessments (LCA) were performed to assess the cumulative energetic and environmental impacts of producing 1kg of adhesive via our open-loop recycling method. Palloni, A., Pinto, G. & Beltrn-Snchez, H. Two centuries of mortality decline in Latin America: from hunger to longevity. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. M.S. Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. WASHINGTON (AP) An ambitious and wide-ranging White House cybersecurity plan released Thursday calls for bolstering protections on critical sectors and making software companies legally liable. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in McNeill, I. C. & Sadeghi, S. M. T. Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1-poly(acrylic acid). Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. J. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. 1). In just the first 4 months of 2021, Brazil surpassed the number of COVID-19 deaths during all of 2020. 10, 4153 (2021). Green. To interrogate this hypothesis, we measured the percent esterification under different conditions. The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. <>/XObject<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 960 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> ]}JazX HuEYW0l n5!R?VF|-ww!OHq3G,a@n:X%~m=}WW[ll_oq https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). Advancing sustainable materials management: 2017 fact sheet. and T.A. Recent technologies for treatment and recycling of used disposable baby diapers. Overall health conditions of individuals with diabetes worsened in 2020 due to reduced physical activity, postponement of medical appointments and interruption in regular drug treatment31. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Noymer, A. Chem. Mater. !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. <> The initially heterogeneous reaction mixture becomes a homogeneous solution over time due to the chemical change from a superabsorbent gel-like substance into the soluble, linear polymer products. Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. Sci. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R. & Law, K. L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and . g;"a"E^X @; 2). Liu, Y., Lotero, E. & Goodwin, J. G. Jr Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. The main results presented in the text are based on differences between the 2019 and 2020 life tables, for two primary reasons. 79, 22302244 (2001). When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. ADS Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Wernet, G. et al. Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. One of the pitfalls of diaper recycling pilots is the low demand for recovered diaper materials, which depreciates the environmental potentiality of such endeavors14. Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). Considering this factor, the optimized conditions involved sonicating a 2.5% w/v solution for 1min to give an Mw ~360kg/mol, and a 5.0% w/v solution for 2min to give a Mw of ~330kg/mol37. Degrad. 2 0 obj We quantified the effect of COVID-19 on reversing the progress in mortality reduction since 2000 (Methods). Nat Med 27, 16291635 (2021). Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. ADS The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. A 245, 132140 (2006). As of 9 June 2021, COVID-19 has officially claimed more than 3.7 million lives worldwide, 48% of which were in the Americas. 24, 561564 (2021). #n$dA"yTtM nTv_J{Bf25X1E[B Y@V(//G0g4_fc_Cv;`& ,. JRSvk] The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. Barone, M. T. U. et al. A large study showed a higher risk of death 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis, even among those who did not require hospitalization34. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The LIFE programme is structured in two fields - Environment and Climate Action - and it contributes to these priorities through its four sub-programmes: Environment field: 1. P.T.C. endobj Combined, these data indicate that open-loop recycling of the superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) to synthesize PSAs is both energetically and environmentally favorable compared to petroleum-derived syntheses in our assessment. Peter Bauer, Jonas Brugger, Martin Posch, Sven Drefahl, Matthew Wallace, Gunnar Andersson, Hctor Pifarr i Arolas, Enrique Acosta, Mikko Myrskyl, Ian F. Miller, Alexander D. Becker, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Stefano Amore, Emanuela Puppo, Giuseppe Liotta, Ariel Pablos-Mndez, Simone Villa, Richard Alan Cash, Megan ODriscoll, Gabriel Ribeiro Dos Santos, Henrik Salje, Nature Medicine Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 397, 220232 (2021). sub-programme "Circular economy and quality of life". We calculated the correlation between the speed of the spread of COVID-19 deaths (measured by the locational Hoover Index)18 and the decline in e0. First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. We assumed that those dying in a given month from any cause contributed, on average, 0.5/12 person-years, whereas the contribution of survivors was 1/12 person-years. Am. Clean. et al. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002 (2021). An alternative recycling route known as chemical recycling was developed to address these challenges8,9,10,11. ISSN 1546-170X (online) ACS Sustain. Google Scholar. Innovation Place, CONNECTING In late April 2021, a parliamentary commission of inquiry was launched to investigate the governments handling of the pandemic response41. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 7). and S.K. We calculated the probability of surviving from age x to age x + n (npx), the probability of dying between age x and x + n (nqx) and the average person-years lived in the interval by those dying in the interval (nax): where * indicates that the measure is from the life table that does not contain COVID-19 as a cause of death. Collias, D. I. et al. Instead, we envisioned a 23 step method from crosslinked sodium polyacrylate: (i) acid-catalyzed or base-mediated decrosslinking to generate linear polymers, (ii) optional sonication to lower the molar mass, and (iii) functionalizing via esterification to generate tack (Fig. Esterification of carboxylic acids with trialkyloxonium salts. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. The Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme will aim at the protection and restoration of Europe's nature and halting and reversing biodiversity loss. Projects focussing exclusively on governance are excluded from this Call topic and covered by the related Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV. Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years. Proven ability to identify and interpret a. Sonicating 2.5% and 5.0% w/v solutions of decrosslinked PAAP&G for 010min using a 20kHz sonication horn operating at full amplitude (100%) revealed rapid chain-shortening for the decrosslinked PAAP&G (Fig. Castro, M. C. et al. The transformation relies on an (i) acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, (ii) optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) a highly efficient esterification driven by hydrophobicity. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). Between 1945 and 2020, e0 in Brazil increased from 45.5 years to 76.7 years10, an average of almost 5 months per calendar year. 4d). performed the computations mentored by P.M.Z. Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. Ching, T. W. et al. 39, 2737 (2020). The estimated decline in 2021 e0 is 1.78 years (1.86 years for males and 1.64 years for females). Chem. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. To estimate total deaths in the presence of COVID-19, we used different methodological approaches. Numbers above. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Among males, two states, Amazonas and Par, both in the North region, lost all that was gained over 2 decades (Fig. Manag. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Office of Land and Emergency Management. Bjrn, A., Owsianiak, M., Molin, C. & Laurent, A. in Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice; (eds) Hauschild, M. Z., Rosenbaum, R. K., Olsen, S. I. Anne J. McNeil. We showed that a largely unmitigated pandemic, in a context of local inequalities, resulted in a high and unequal mortality burden. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. wrote the codes for analysis. This value suggests that the increase in polymer hydrophobicity provides a significant thermodynamic driving force towards further esterification, perhaps counteracting the buildup of water that was otherwise expected to limit conversion. SAP Certified with fifteen years of SAP development experience in UK and New Zealand. Vital Strategies. Posta Elettronica Certificata (PEC): protocollo.ispra@ispra.legalmail.it, Kick-off meeting of the projet LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest/@@download/image/carretta.png. Faria, N. R. et al. State-level gains in longevity achieved over years or even decades were reversed by the pandemic. We performed all demographic analyses in Microsoft Excel version 16.44 and data cleaning and processing in Stata version 15.1 (Stata Corporation) and R version 4.0.0 (2020). The crosslinks were first hydrolyzed using 0.3M aq. Eng. Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. Brazils unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. Marques, N. P. et al. hypno youtube. 5, 501516 (2020). Second, we calculated cause-deleted life tables for 2020 (DT20), which examine the consequences of eliminating COVID-19 mortality from 2020 deaths44. Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). Following multiple decrement life table methods previously used to measure the effect of COVID-19 on life expectancy8,16,17, we calculated two additional sets of estimates of life expectancy decline: (1) the difference between 2020 life expectancy estimated above and a scenario in which COVID-19 mortality has been eliminated from 2020 (DT20; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 and Methods); and (2) the difference between 2019 life expectancy estimated from 2019 death records and a scenario in which 2019 all-cause mortality has been inflated to include COVID-19 mortality (DT19; Supplementary Tables 5 and 6 and Methods). In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. Although some cities temporarily closed some businesses in response to the unprecedented COVID-19 surge in early 2021, no financial support was provided from January to March 2021. http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/ (2021). Aburto, J. M. et al. Brazil does not lack a universal healthcare system, a network of community health agents to target vulnerable communities, sufficient data and a capable cadre of researchers tirelessly advancing knowledge and informing policy.
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