z^*;Dw}_W]W ( Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. Steam reforming is a means of producing hydrogen from a light hydrocarbon using high temperature steam (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bars). O To obtain pure hydrogen at the end, pressure swing adsorption systems or caustic absorption gas scrubbers are used. 8 0 obj 2 3. 3. matt nash duke / is sublimation of dry ice spontaneous / advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. SMR (steam methane reforming) method is considered to be the most efficient and feasible procedure. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 11 0 obj Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. A kilogram of hydrogen obtained from natural gas costs just under two euros. R ( 2014, p.9 et seq. S Under pressure and high temperatures, the hydrocarbons contained in the energy sources are then converted into methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. However, this process releases carbon into the atmosphere which, to fight climate change, we're trying to avoid. m Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. If the electricity for electrolysis is produced from fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and petroleum) or biomass combustion, then the related environmental effects and CO2 emissions are indirectly associated with that hydrogen. To produce hydrogen, it must be separated from the other elements in the molecules where it occurs. Natural gas is the main methane source for hydrogen production by industrial facilities and petroleum refineries. Assuming that there are only these reactions and that they are complete, 4 molecules of H2 are created at the same time as 1 of CO2. Conceivable sources of external heat include concentrated solar thermal energy, high-temperature nuclear reactors, or waste heat from internal combustion engines. endobj gXT% Hydrogen is used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals. Zero carbon 'green' hydrogen is produced by thermochemical water splitting, using solar thermal, low- or zero-carbon electricity or waste heat,[2] or electrolysis, using low- or zero-carbon electricity. Steam-methane reforming currently accounts for nearly all commercially produced hydrogen in the United States. + japan drier vs enamel hardener; is monto still with his girlfriend; grand hustle records address; myths that persist in our society; errant golf ball damage law florida H H It is often supported by a catalyst or the required heat is generated by the combustion of the fuel. charlatans polar bear; contests and sweepstakes ending soon; will ferrell characters snl; things you should know about usda rural rental housing; . 9. Additional disadvantages are the corrosiveness and high energy consumption of the process related to solvent regeneration. To occur in the right direction (production of H2), the reaction requires an energy of +206kJ/mol. The costs for these elaborate facilities do not scale down well. endobj 2 We will therefore only study the latter case. \II;)by93svuw*YsWonT\_{#%/VSb.Vk_.}Ri4s[|X/>|Sb;='H endobj 2. When the ATR uses carbon dioxide the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1. ] The reforming reaction takes place at high temperatures, making it slow to start up and requiring costly high-temperature materials. A nickel catalyst is used. endobj providing both advantages and disadvantages. These cookies do not store any personal information. stream <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> (Garcia 2015, p.99 et seq.) This is the steam reforming operation. Typical S/C ratio values lie within the range 2.5:1 - 3:1.[8]. . 7, EFOY fuel cells are based on direct methanol fuel cell technology. uuid:b975d111-e89c-4425-8503-731ec5daef0b Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. {\displaystyle [1]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +3\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{SR}=206\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }. This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 15:47. The most suitable and probably most important type of fuel cell for numerous applications is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. <> Autothermal reforming is a technique in which oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam reacts with methane, producing syngas. 3 4. 2 endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>>>/Name(Headers/Footers)/Type/OCG>> endobj 51 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 27 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 31 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 208 0 obj <>stream The attractive features of the SOFC are its. The gas cools, enters at 350C and leaves at 400-450C. O We use cookies to provide you with an optimal website experience. uuid:88fc3bfd-058f-4aa6-87e9-fa46fe6a69e8 having their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, a portable hydrogen production unit based on methanol steam reforming would be simpler and less costly than other alternatives. [3], Steam reforming of natural gas produces most of the world's hydrogen. The oxygen contained in the steam causes oxidation of the fuel, resulting in hydrogen (H2). H @4h\zz=7>.l~8O77:gdQ^eetzQs$ZJh{Gpl_OA/)6xz's0M'wp4q6cl.D8&Slz}x7n^\ M8L,Vd8Q@G|2"@y^8l`#BWM j7g"N@. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming Posted by October 30, 2021 wellington phoenix players salary on advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming <> The reaction that is taking place in this reformer is as follows: The above reaction is highly endothermic; it consumes energy from the surrounding. Fossil fuel reforming does not eliminate carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere but reduces the carbon dioxide emissions and nearly eliminates carbon monoxide emissions as compared to the burning of conventional fuels due to increased efficiency and fuel cell characteristics. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) The main chemical reaction of steam methane reforming is: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) and steam methane reforming (SMR). advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. C 2 Literature Review Extensive usage of fossil fuel results in the increased amount of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants, this . The reactor gets a supply of the natural gas feedstock we cleaned and mix it with water vapor and heated to 800-900C at a pressure of between 15 and 30 bars: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2. One of the idea to make natural gas reforming low emissions, is to capture the carbon from the PSA tail gas (ex: Reddy & Vyas 2009) and other flue gas emitted by the reformer (= carbon capture and stockage). This process is highly carbon-intensive, responsible for around 800 million tonnes of CO2 emissions every year, roughly equivalent to the total emissions of the . Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_reforming, 2 https://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Dampfreformierung.html, 3 https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Steam_reforming.html, 4 https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Hydrogen_production.html, 5 https://www.enargus.de/pub/bscw.cgi/d2148-2/*/*/Dampfreformierung.html?op=Wiki.getwiki, 6 https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/wasserstoff-die-energie-der-zukunft-was-kostet-1-kg-wasserstoff-15456713.html, 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell, 8 https://www.sfc.com/en/technology/direct-methanol/, 9 https://www.sfc.com/en/technology/hydrogen-technology/, Fuel cells for industrial applicationsefoy-pro.com, Fuel cells for defence & militarysfc-defense.com, Fuel cells for mobile homes, marine applications and leisuremy-efoy.com, Development & production of performance electronicssfc-power.com. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. (Garcia 2015, p.92) The flue gas is composed of CO2 and a fraction of hydrogen not capted by the device. Download Citation | On Feb 1, 2023, Sirui Tong and others published A Numerical Study on Turquoise Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Decomposition of Methane | Find, read and cite all the research . Steam methane reforming is the most commonly used method for producing hydrogen, where natural gas (methane) is converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by passing it over a catalyst at high temperatures. 16 0 obj Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 C. <> 2 HS]o@|W-~Ll'i7iTq.pGpbIkB2;;;{XgW+ The latter has a molar mass of 44g, 2g for dihydrogen. In steam-methane reforming, high-temperature steam (1,300F to 1,800F) under 325 bar pressure (1 bar = 14.5 pounds per square inch) reacts with methane in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide (CO2). 1 0 obj There are several challenges associated with this technology: Challenges with reformers supplying fuel cells, Chemical looping reforming and gasification, "A review and comparative evaluation of thermochemical water splitting cycles for hydrogen production", "Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economically improved hydrogen production", "Methane steam reforming, methanation and water-gas shift: I. Intrinsic kinetics", "The kinetics of methane steam reforming over a Ni/-Al2O catalyst", "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability", "Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)", "Fact of the Month May 2018: 10 Million Metric Tons of Hydrogen Produced Annually in the United States", "Vinder af VIDENSKABENS TOP 5: Hydrogen og methanol uden energifrs", "Explaining successful and failed investments in U.S. carbon capture and storage using empirical and expert assessments", "A Comparative Exergoeconomic Evaluation of the Synthesis Routes for Methanol Production from Natural Gas", "FUELS HYDROGEN STORAGE | Chemical Carriers", "Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming", "Wrtsil Launches GasReformer Product For Turning Oil Production Gas Into Energy", "Method of operating a gas engine plant and fuel feeding system of a gas engine", Fossil fuel reforming not eliminating any carbon dioxides, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_reforming&oldid=1138418416. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production. 3", The chemical reaction of steam reforming is endothermic, which means that it consumes heat. Advantages and Disadvantages The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. Commercial hydrogen producers and petroleum refineries use steam-methane reforming to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CH4). To accelerate the reaction, catalysts based on nickel oxide are used, placed in the reformer in the form of a fixed bed. breaking news kittanning, pa. true freshwater flounder; lululemon goals and objectives = advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. Electrolysis is a process that splits hydrogen from water using an electric current. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. <> [24], There is also interest in the development of much smaller units based on similar technology to produce hydrogen as a feedstock for fuel cells. %PDF-1.4 This reaction takes place in a reformer vessel having a high pressure mixture of steam. More expensive processes lag behind: For example, the share of hydrogen produced by electrolysis is only about five percent. 2 7 0 obj Your email address will not be published. Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. The use of alternative fuels promises lower emissions in steam reforming. Wiley, 2014. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application. Although naphtha, methanol or liquefied petroleum gas, fuel oil and diesel can also be used, methane is mostly used. Overview and Key Difference For example, hydrogen produced using renewable energy might be referred to as renewable hydrogen or green hydrogen. 2015 write between 180 and 340C, but I kept the figure from Garcia 2015). Steam reforming is applied in large-scale industrial contexts to produce hydrogen for example, for use in petroleum refineries. <> Sign up for email subcriptions to receive messages about specific EIA products. The product is named blue hydrogen when most of the carbon dioxide is captured and stored geologically. / Advantages and disadvantages [ edit] The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. In the water shift reactor, carbon monoxide and steam react to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen gas. The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. (Navarro et al. Waldron, W E;Hufton, J R;Sircar, S (2001). Steam methane reforming (SMF) is a chemical process where methane which is predominantly available in natural gas is reacted with steam under 3-25 bar pressure and high temperature (700C-1,000C) in the presence of a catalyst system. l [2], Chemical looping reforming and gasification, AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production Archives ASSEMBLY, Harvest Energy Technology, Inc. an Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated company, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_reformer&oldid=1089761406, This page was last edited on 25 May 2022, at 14:13. The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. However, there is an active debate about whether using these fuels to make hydrogen is beneficial while global warming is an issue. Hydrogen produced by steam reforming is termed 'grey hydrogen' when the waste carbon monoxide is released to the atmosphere and 'blue hydrogen' when the carbon monoxide is (mostly) captured and stored geologically - see carbon capture and storage. mobilizing a substance that absorbs CO2 (ex: CO2(g) + CaO(s) => CaCO3 (s)), which would simplify the device and to avoid purification losses. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. scheme of the reaction of steam reforming of methane is shown below. endobj The reaction is conducted in multitubular packed bed reactors, a subtype of the plug flow reactor category. % Below infographic summarizes the differences between steam reforming and autothermal reforming in tabular form. 2 0 obj This procedure is called a water gas shift reaction: Although high-temperature heat must be supplied to implement steam reforming, it can be carried out autothermally. 4. Woodhead Publishing, Kidlington, 2015, Zhong Zhang J., Li J., Li Y., Zhao Y., Hydrogen Generation, Storage, and Utilization, d. Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. = The reaction is represented by this equilibrium:[1]. H [29][self-published source?]. O [4], Steam reforming reaction kinetics, in particular using nickel-alumina catalysts, have been studied in detail since the 1950s.[5][6][7]. endobj Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi (1440 bar) with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925C. We all are aware of the . Yc% 4$F8!''=\oMJ# +.1%9w]u. (Navarro et al. These are aspects that I will explore later. m + 2 Hydrogen production: Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), Hydrogen production: Electrolysis, Gasification , dry steam reforming, using CO2 instead of steam: CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 (enthalpy 247.3 kJ/mol), The decomposition of methane: CH4 = C + 2H2 (enthalpy 74.9 kJ/Mol), The Boudouard reaction, 2CO = C + CO2 (enthalpy 172.5 kJ/Mol). father of philippine opera; carver high school columbus, ga football roster; robert cabal cause of death; is ukraine richer than russia; . 2 This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. So, in total, we have CH4+2H2O= CO2+4H2. The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation. The reaction is exothermic. endobj (Garcia 2015, p.86). xMO1|?B mi*U= XBTBZBDvRv'_{^{F/x>z"Ld1@ wCiR>X>F0"ht}X|Ni>q: k Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). 2015 write between 350 and 420C, but I kept the figure from Garcia 2015), The second unit is called LTS (low temperature shift) and uses a catalyst based on copper, zinc and aluminum. 5. Because almost any type of biomass is suitable for the process, the hydrogen output is very high. 8 EFOY hydrogen fuel cells, on the other hand, are hydrogen fuel cells based on polymer electrolyte membrane technology. Let us recall the initial reactions (CH4+H2O = CO+3H2), then the catalytic conversion (CO+H2O = CO2+H2). Although MSR is a mature technology, it suffers from significant disadvantages such as mass and heat transfer issues and coke deposition during the reaction. For example, Pre-reforming is important if it is not pure methane. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Finally, the last contaminants must be removed (unconverted CH4, CO residues, etc. 10 0 obj Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925C. O [16], In an effort to decarbonise hydrogen production, carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods are being implemented within the industry, which have the potential to remove up to 90% of CO2 produced from the process. The purpose of this reforming reaction is the production of pure hydrogen gas. The methane is then reacted with water at constant pressure and a temperature of between 800 and 900 degrees Celsius. On a large, commercial scale, the process may be referred to as power-to-gas, where power is electricity and hydrogen is gas. 50 0 obj <>/OCGs[61 0 R]>>/Type/Catalog/PageLabels 44 0 R>> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream [6][7] Commonly the direct steam reforming (DSR) reaction is also included: [ Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. 3, First, the long-chain hydrocarbons are split to form methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. (2001), Hydrogen Production Using Sorption-Enhanced Reaction, US Energy department, Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming, Navarro R.M., Guil R., Fierro J.L.G. However, comparing the use of biogas and biomass with that of natural gas, there are several disadvantages compared to the fossil fuel. Methane is also the building foundation for hundreds of compounds which we use to make thousands of our products today. [14] The energy consumption has been reduced from 100 GJ/tonne of ammonia in 1920 to 27 GJ by 2019. + They generate electricity by combining methanol with oxygen from the air. In addition, purification is very costly and offsets the emission advantage of biohydrogen. H Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. (Navarro et al. <> With carbon capture, the price would be $2. POX produces less hydrogen per unit of the input fuel than steam reforming of the same fuel.[21]. CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 (1) Because . Then, it is the water gas shift (=catalytic conversion), which mobilizes two units. (Garcia 2015, p. 92 et seq. Solid oxide fuel cell technology (SOFC) is one of the more promising power generation concepts for a variety of stationary power applications. Generally, when the reaction mixture contains carbon dioxide, we can indicate the product ratio of hydrogen gas: carbon monoxide as 1: 1. Currently, 95% of global hydrogen is produced through a process of steam methane reforming (SMR) of fossil fuels, either coal or natural gas - referred to as 'grey' hydrogen. The two most common methods for producing hydrogen are steam-methane reforming and electrolysis (splitting water with electricity. 6 0 obj H The mixture is then converted to hydrogen under high heat and pressure. The product of the reforming of natural gas, regardless of the process used for its realization, is a mixture of gases known . We will see the chemical reaction itself, then its practical dimensions. <> The Steam Methane Reforming process can be broken down into five distinct steps: 1. 1. Read more about this topic: Methane Reformer, If we help an educated mans daughter to go to Cambridge are we not forcing her to think not about education but about war?not how she can learn, but how she can fight in order that she might win the same advantages as her brothers?Virginia Woolf (18821941). The gas, cooled, returns to 220C, then is maintained below 260C. [18], In addition to reactions [1] [3], ATR introduces the following reaction:[19], [ HWko__ 1 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/TrimBox[ 0 0 595.276 841.89]>> It is one of the few technology of hydrogen production viable at industrial scale. Side by Side Comparison Steam Reforming vs Autothermal Reforming in Tabular Form [20], Partial oxidation (POX) occurs when a sub-stoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer creating hydrogen-rich syngas. What are the advantages of steam reforming? W advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingis york university uk hard to get into? 4. components (methane and carbon oxides) at low temperatures, typically 673 at 823 K [=400 to 550C]. Then we move on to the actual reforming unit. % The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane is partially oxidized. steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most widely used process to produce hydrogen, followed by other reforming methods such as coal gasification. Forms EIA uses to collect energy data including descriptions, links to survey instructions, and additional information. + The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses the reaction of methane with oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam to form syngas. Biofuels and petroleum fuels are also potential hydrogen sources. Hydrogen produced from coal may be called brown hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from natural gas or petroleum might be referred to as grey hydrogen. . Best Answer. Reformers are devices useful in chemical synthesis of pure hydrogen gas from methane in the presence of a catalyst. H Steam reforming is therefore a very important process, especially for fuel cell technology. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. w5TP1vSv&>ny0>0t[f|wsSVo8En(}MtW#m-IaBk 3j. This and more is described in the following article. The most common catalyst shapes we can use include spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings having holes. stream Majority of the worlds hydrogen gas is produced through steam reforming of natural gas. U.S. <> [8] High excess of steam is required, expressed by the (molar) steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio. When natural gas whose main component is methane (CH4) is used, the following reaction thus takes place during steam reforming: (methane + water vapor carbon monoxide + hydrogen). When the ATR uses carbon dioxide, the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam, the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1. The reactions can be described in the following equations, using CO2: The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 950-1100 C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar.[1]. <>>> An additional advantage of methanol is that it is easier to activate at low temperatures than other hydrocarbons. [ 11 0 R] k (Navarro et al. <> Inside the tubes, a mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. ), Xiu G-H., Li P., Rodrigues A.E., (2002) Sorption-enhanced reaction process with reactive regeneration, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 57, Issue 18, September 2002, Pages 3893-3908, Wi Y-J., Li P., Yuo J-G., Cunha A.F., Rodrigues A.E. endobj A zinc oxide bed is generally used for this. Steam reforming is a means of producing hydrogen from a light hydrocarbon using high temperature steam (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bars). C (Garcia 2015, p. 97 et seq. potential advantages of integrating SMR and thermochemical processes, such as reduced methane consumption, since the oxygen supply from the thermochemical cycle is not . Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. ), which are generally removed by a pressure swing adsorption unit (PSA). The hydrogen produced by biogas steam reforming way is also referred to as biohydrogen. Each of these techniques has advantages and disadvantages which must be considered in choosing a final design. The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. Researchers are exploring other hydrogen production methods or pathways. Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. The heat can go up to 1073K (=800C) to reduce the risk of carbon residue forming. Autothermal Reforming. ScienceDirect Topics, Available here. Most methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst (usually nickel) at high temperature and pressure. Via the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), additional hydrogen is released by reaction of water with the carbon monoxide generated according to equation [1]: [ !o.@BN'a)mM`w.`0N]}K~-F% (#\K4 #8eiYGku]-W0]u{#Z(wX!>#;$@-B%{p5R";&;jf:b. 1. This device uses two main reactions: steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation.
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