The instructor must provide opportunities for students to practice and, at the same time, make sure that this process is directed toward a learning objective, A successful instructor needs to be familiar with as many teaching methods as possible. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. If Class D, E, and G airspace are the only airspace types being utilized by a student, save the discussion of A, B, and C airspace until they have operating familiarity with the other types. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. The pilot called "mayday" and during the forced landing the airplane collided with trees and the ground separating the right wing, half of the left wing, and coming to rest inverted. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge students intellectually while supporting their efforts to learn. under: depths of fear story explained; taidnapam park fishing; what state has the worst soil; unghia incarnita gentalyn beta; The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. Individual maintenance instructors, as well as publishers, have compiled lists of typical questions and projects. They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. Errors in grammar and vulgarisms detract from an instructors dignity and insult the intelligence of the students, If the subject matter includes technical terms, the instructor should clearly define each one so that no student is in doubt about its meaning. The instructor can tailor the presentation for the class and also include graphics at appropriate points. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. For example, eligibility, knowledge, proficiency, and experience requirements for pilots and AMT students are stipulated in the regulations, and the standards are published in the applicable PTS or oral and practical tests (O&Ps). All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many formats. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. Although lecture and demonstration-performance may be the methods used most often, being aware of other methods and teaching tools such as guided discussion, cooperative learning, and computerassisted learning better prepares an instructor for a wide variety of teaching situations, Obviously, the aviation instructor is the key to effective teaching. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. With this setup, the physical facility is usually referred to as a learning center or training center. research. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. Material composed on a computer word processing and graphics program can also be printed onto transparencies, The equipment can be placed at the front of the room, allowing the instructor to maintain eye contact with students. The flight instructor serves as the link between dreaming of a career in the sky and becoming a skilled pilot. In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. This review and wrap-up of ideas reinforces student learning and improves the retention of what has been learned. For this instructor, effective management of the classroom promotes learning. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. It is well suited for the aircraft maintenance instructor who uses it in the shop to teach welding, and the flight instructor who uses it in teaching piloting skills, Every instructor should recognize the importance of student performance in the learning process. Instructional aids should also be reviewed to determine whether their use is feasible in the training environment and whether they are appropriate for the students. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. The discussions reflect whatever level of knowledge and experience the students have gained, The goal of guided discussions is to draw out what the students know. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. The overhead question is directed to the entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member. Injuries: one serious, one minor, one uninjured", The flight instructor has the student analyze the information and suggest possible reasons for the accident. Sequencing can be emphasized and made clearer by the use of contrasting colors, The effectiveness of aids and the ease of their preparation can be increased by initially planning them in rough draft form. To teach the cognitive skills needed in making decisions and judgments effectively, an instructor should incorporate analysis, synthesis, and evaluation into lessons using PBL. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" If the applicant has a medical condition affecting his or her ability to demonstrate that he or she meets the FAA AELS, the flight instructor discontinues the process and refers the individual to the FSDO and the appropriate FAA medical Effective instructors relate well to people. Professional instructors should not limit their objectives to meeting only the published requirements for pilot or AMT certification, Instructional objectives should also extend beyond those listed in official publications. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. Since the material projected requires no special preparation, the cost is very low. Any of these may be appropriate at one time or another. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. When using a teaching lecture, the instructor plans and delivers an oral presentation in a manner that allows some participation by the students and helps direct them toward the desired learning outcomes, In general lectures, begin with an introduction of the topic to be discussed. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. While it is important to provide hands-on tasks in the lesson plan to engage students in active learning, it is also important to ensure the tasks are completed safely and correctly, In Chapter 2, The Learning Process, learning was defined as "a change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. The informal lecture includes active student participation. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. Instructors will find the following suggestions helpful in planning a discussion lesson. In aviation, the term "training syllabus" is commonly used and in this context it is a step-by-step, building block progression of learning with provisions for regular review and assessments at prescribed stages of learning. An instructor should also be patient and give students a chance to react. A major advantage of CDs and DVDs is the capability to store enormous amounts of information. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. The rough draft should be carefully checked for technical accuracy, proper terminology, grammar, spelling, basic balance, clarity, and simplicity. Consequently, it is more commonly used in lecturing than in guided discussion, The instructor who wants to phrase a question for followup purposes may choose the overhead type. In the discussion method, the instructor provides a short lecture, no more than 20 minutes in length, which gives basic knowledge to the students. He also made sure the computer and projector were in working order. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. Since aids are normally used in conjunction with a verbal presentation, words on the aid should be kept to a minimum. Students are often accustomed to dramatic, action-packed movies or games designed as entertainment. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. The instructor must determine the method to be used in developing the subject matter. A good visual aid can help the instructor show the students the path that they are to travel. Whatever the setting, instructors need to learn how to effectively use them, For many years, educators have theorized about how the human brain and the memory function during the communicative process. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. Colors, when used, should provide clear contrast and easily be visible, The usefulness of aids can be improved by proper sequencing to build on previous learning. Faulty habits are difficult to correct and must be addressed as soon as possible. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. The aids should be concentrated on the key points. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. capicola pronounce gabagool; another name for tempering is aviation; rensselaer polytechnic institute notable alumni; bic lighters in bulk; great destinations gymnastics meet 2022 The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met. The instructor's role is to instill and eventually evaluate the comprehension and ability of the pilot in pursuit of a certification, rating, or license. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. This fourth organizational pattern starts with common usage before progressing to the rarer ones. In education, the collaborative problem-solving method combines collaboration with problem solving when the instructor provides a problem to a group who then solves it. The instructor should consider that the student may neither believe nor understand any point without the use of testimony from SMEs or without meaningful examples, statistics, or comparisons. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. The actual training requirements are based in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and other publications used by designated pilot and maintenance examiners when they conduct practical tests. Good newspapers offer examples of the effective use of simple words. These scenarios require the pilot to manage the resources available in the flight deck, exercise sound judgment, and make timely decisions. For example, a program may indicate, "That was incorrect. By listing the criteria for the training objectives, the instructor has already established the completion standards normally included as part of the lesson plan, Use of training objectives also provides the student with a better understanding of the big picture, as well as knowledge of what is expected. For the instructor, maintaining control of the learning situation may be difficult. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. It is important for instructors to remember: Technical knowledge is useless if the instructor fails to communicate it effectively, The two-way process of effective communication means actively listening to the student, as well as teaching him or her, In the previous scenario, Bob uses the guided group discussion period to listen to his students discuss the weight and balance problem. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. Numerous studies have attempted to determine how well instructional aids serve this purpose. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. Carefully selected charts, graphs, pictures, or other well-organized visual aids are examples of items that help the student understand, as well as retain, essential information, Ideally, instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points and concepts. If the discussion has revealed that certain areas are not understood by one or more members of the group, the instructor should clarify or cover this material again, As with any training method that involves discussion, students are encouraged to listen to and learn from their instructor and/or each other. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. [Figure 4-7], The purpose of the motivation element is to offer the students specific reasons why the lesson content is important to know, understand, apply, or perform concepts of Thorndikes law of readiness. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. A typical system consists of a CD or DVD and a computer. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. Communication, discussed in Chapter 3, Effective Communication, underlies people skills. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. Using simulation devices, computer networks, and multimedia programs, students become more actively involved and responsible for their own training. Instructional CDs and DVDs, in comparison, are perceived as much less exciting and less stimulating visually. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Students learn from the beginning how to perform the maneuver or procedure and also become familiar with the performance criteria. This critique helps the instructor judge the adequacy of supporting materials and visual aids, as well as the presentation. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. Manage the daily maintenance efforts for 9 P-3C aircraft to meet short and long range flight tasking. Lecturing is unquestionably the most economical of all teaching methods in terms of the time required to present a given amount of material, The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a new subject and for explaining the necessary background information. This type of summary is one of the most effective tools available to the instructor. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. There are three stages of action.