Brinkman, W.A. Host-Symbiont Stability and Fast Evolutionary Rates in an Ant-Bacterium Association:Cospeciation of Camponotus Species and Their Endosymbionts, Candidatus Blochmannia. A dealate is a reproductive that has shed its wings. The level of relatedness is an important dictator of individual interactions. A preliminary list of the ants of Florida. CF Egg replicate 2 (HiSeq) SRA: Camponotus floridanus; 1: GPL14137; GSE31576; GSE31577; CF Major replicate 1 (GA) Figure 11. Nearctic Region: United States (type locality). Ipser, R.M., M.A. Nesting and foraging characteristics of the black carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus DeGeer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Even artificial structures such as hollow poles or fencing may be taken residence. Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Camponotus floridanus; 3: TXT; SRA Run Selector; Roberto Bonasio: Aug 10, 2017: GSE83807: Caste-specific gene expression in ants. 1996. Similarly, they are fond of sweet floral nectars and honeydews produced by sucking insects, especially aphids, scales, and mealybugs. Florida Entomologist 57: 115-116. 1979. The Florida Entomologist 92(3):474-482, Van Pelt A. F. 1948. Buy and place a hydrometer for accurate humidity reading in nest. report a variant strain of the clonal raider ant that expresses queen-like traits in individuals that would normally become workers. Camponotus floridanus can chew through many materials such as soft wood, soft plastics, cork, cloth, and soft rubber materials. The remaining chitin-based shell is left behind. Common foods for them include insect parts, "honeydew" produced by aphids, or extrafloral nectar from plants. Some aggressive interactions have been known to take place between queens, but not necessarily through workers. Identification. Fla. Entomol. For example, workers destroy eggs laid by other workers in Camponotus floridanus, where the queen is singly mated and in the hornet Vespa crabro where queen mating frequency is only slightly greater than 1 (a small proportion of queens are multiple mated but most are single mated). The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs. Direct contact on skin can cause redness, itching, swelling, burning, and pain. 20: 295-354 (page 325, revived status as species), Wheeler, W. M. 1913d. E.P., Zungoli. A subreddit for ant keepers! Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. Head large, nearly as broad as long, broader behind than in front, with broadly excised posterior and convex lateral margins. Queen-right colonies of Camponotus oridanus were collected in Gainesville, Florida, in October 2014. Pheromonal cues from ovipositing queens have a stronger effect on worker ants than those of virgin queens. Camponotus vagus colony, queen and 2-5 workers 27.99 . Their main food sources normally include proteins and carbohydrates. Other concerns are that these ants sting (they do not) and bite (they do). Two new exotic pest ants, Pseudomyrmex gracilis and Monomorium floricola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) collected in Mississippi. Red Imported Fire Ant Impacts on Upland Arthropods in Southern Mississippi. 2020. A Review of the Ants of the Florida Keys. 44(3): 193-197. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. I am using my personal experience, observations, and notes over the past few years that allowed me to successfully rear a founding Camponotus floridanus queen into a colony. Zool. In order for an individual carpenter ant to be recognized as a nestmate, it must, as an adult, go through specific interactions with older members of the nest. 1910d: 325 (redescription); Deyrup. Davis, T. 2009. Unusual nest sites have included a computer printer, a radio, and a pay phone. Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. 2020. Here you will find our changing offer of camponotus ant colonies. Male alates of this species are more concolorous, primarily ranging in the rusty to cider oranges. Ants collected in Georgia by Dr. J. C. Bradley and Mr. W. T. Davis. New York
Sequence Read Archive Nucleotide BLAST. 2022. Hahn, Jeff. Carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) Current Biology 27, 10191025. Being a larger species of ant, novice keepers can view the lifecycle and the actual inner workings much easier. MacGown, J.A and J.A. Chemical ecology and social parasitism in ants. 2001. Nevertheless, their ability to excavate wood helps in forest decomposition. A preliminary report of the ants of West Ship Island. It is mediated through the feeding of other individuals by regurgitation. [citation needed], Carpenter ants have been known to construct extensive underground tunneling systems. There are a number of "pest barrier" substances available that are sticky and can be used on tree trunks and other places to stop ants from passing. Camponotus floridanus is one of the most familiar ant species in Florida owing both to its large size and conspicuous coloration. Carpenter ants, like many social insect species, have mechanisms by which individuals determine whether others are nestmates or not. are large (0.3 to 1 in or 8 to 25 mm) ants indigenous to many forested parts of the world.. Watch for signs of mold or excessive condensation buildup. The liquids are applied in areas where foraging ants are likely to pick the material up and spread the poison to the colony upon returning. MacGown J. Look for nuptial flights right after it rains . The Florida Entomologist 30(4): 57-67, Van Pelt A. F. 1956. Male reproductives are much smaller than queens with proportionally smaller heads and larger wings. Insecta Mundi 1: 243-246. 13-16. Camponotus floridanus is one of the two largest native Carpenter Ant species found within the United States. Version 8.87. 1. BLASTN programs search SRA databases using a nucleotide query. Ipser R. M. 2004. Hmu if you want to buy any. 1986. Camponotus are generally large ants, with workers being 4-7 mm long in small species or 7-13 mm in large species, queens being 9-20 mm long and males being 5-13 mm long. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 144(2): 347-357. A unique facet of C. floridanus colonies is that they are characterized by a rigid caste system wherein the colony reproduction depends exclusively on a single queen (Opachaloemphan et al. 1985. Endler A, Liebig J, Schmitt T, Parker J, Jones G, Schreier P, Hlldobler B 2004. But if you violently shake the jar and dump them back on the ground the ants will fight until they eventually kill each other. Florida carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus (Buckley), dealate queen tending brood. "Carpenter Ants": Insects: University of Minnesota Extension. Queen Roughly 20-40 . Workers are polymorphic in this species Natural Habitat: Nests are found in both disturbed and undisturbed areas. The Florida carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus (Buckley) is a pest in the southeastern United States. Draft. Native and exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nesting in red mangroves (Malpighiales: Rhizophora mangle) of eastern Florida. Current Biology, 3213, 2942-2947.e4, Seid, M.A., Junge, E. 2016. A Prenolepis imparis founding queen with eggs inside a test tube setup. Figure 3. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Florida Entomologist 89(1): 69-74, Sargent J. M., Benson. 2014. 67, No. Published neuropeptide precursor sequences of Acromyrmex echinatior (45) and Camponotus floridanus (46) . With their massive size and a large diet of insects and sweets, they will thrive. Different colonies in close proximity may have overlapping foraging regions, although they typically do not assist each other in foraging. Entomol. Providing community sourced care sheets for ant keepers. For the cricket, see, Colony Size and Polygyny in Carpenter Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Roger D. Akre, Laurel D. Hansen and Elizabeth A. Myhre Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , Vol. Finding the nest sites, however, can be difficult. Colonies were kept in plastic containers, each with an opaque humidied nesting chamber, at a Queen size: 15-19 mm Worker size: Minor Worker 5.5-7 mm. [14], All ants in this genus, and some related genera, possess an obligate bacterial endosymbiont called Blochmannia. [36][37] In North America, lumbermen during the early years in Maine would eat carpenter ants to prevent scurvy,[38] and in John Muir's publication, First Summer in the Sierra, Muir notes that the Northern Paiute people of California ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants. Subfam. Sometimes, carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees. PCOs report going to innumerable homes to speak with frantic homeowners who have failed to control foraging or flying carpenter ants. Petiole in profile cuneate, with similar, feebly convex anterior and posterior surfaces; seen from behind, evenly rounded above, with rather blunt border. [22], Recognition allows for the presence of kin-specific interactions, such as kin altruism. Family: Formicidae. [5][6], Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying, or hollow wood, most commonly in forest environments. Anyone who sees these ants will be shocked by their size! Both species been documented having queens reaching 20mm or more in length. During the flight season, carpenter ants can often be found in alarming numbers. Major workers can deliver particularly devastating bites as their mandibles more readily pierce the skin, where bite wounds may draw blood and into which they will attempt to spray noxious formic acid. Cuvillier-Hot, V., Salin, K., Devers, S., Tasiemski, A., Schaffner, P., Boulay, R., Billiard, S., Lenoir, A. Klotz JH, Mangold JR, Vail KM, Davis Jr. LR, Patterson RS, 1995. An experienced pest control operator, or a determined homeowner, can usually follow a trail of ants back to the ants' nesting site and treat it (see Management below). . Nano-CT characterization reveals coordinated growth of a rudimentary organ necessary for soldier development in the ant, Khn-Bhlmann, S., Wehner, R. 2006. Ants of Horn Island, Jackson County, Mississippi, Michigan State University, The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection. Residents of satellite nests include older larvae, pupae, and some winged individuals. Apart from their obvious locomotory function and hence the presence of muscle fibres, ant legs are also endowed with an astonishing variety of exocrine glands.This paper reviews the presence and structural variety of the 20 different glands that have so far been found in the legs of ants. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. Deyrup M. 2016. Geogr. sometimes incorrectly learn, is caused by Florida carpenter ants. Eyes flattened. encountered in buildings than carpenter ants. Read and follow label instructions and precautions before using any insecticide. Palomeque, T., O. Sanllorente, X. Maside, J. Vela, P. Mora, M. I. Torres, G. Periquet, and P. Lorite. When they discover a dead insect, workers surround it and extract its bodily fluids to be carried back to the nest. Deyrup, M., Davis, L. & Cover, S. 2000. Camponotus floridanus The Florida Carpenter Ant has a gemstone ruby- red head with an orange thorax ,and full black abdomen. . Mechanisms behind the madness: How do zombie-making fungal entomopathogens affect host behavior to increase transmission? The ecology of the ants of the Welaka Reserve, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mating/Nuptial Flight:Flights occur from mid April into late August after a rainfall on warm humid evenings. and J.C. Daniels.2006. The brood that emerge after the minums should be normal sized worker ants. The Florida carpenter ant is readily tolerant of disturbed areas of human habitation, making them a common sight in the densely populated suburbs of Florida. Figure 6. In many social insect species like these ants, many worker animals are sterile and do not have the ability to reproduce. Many PCOs and seasoned entomologists have resigned to failure after not being able to treat hidden nesting sites, sometimes after years of trying! 14, No. A list of Florida ants. Animals and egg discrimination experiment. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 573599. Delightful bright red-oak wood/light tan orange colors! 2016. Vail K, Davis L, Wojcik D, Koehler PG, Williams D, 1994. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. [13], Some carpenter ant species can obtain nitrogen by feeding on urine or urine-stained sand. AGGRESSIVE IN LARGE NUMBERS! Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Florida carpenter ants tend to forage at night. Compared to other members of its genus, C. floridanus is one of the most active and faster growing Camponotus species in North America. Oswalt, D.A. 2020. This is the first video I've made . [15] This bacterium has a small genome, and retains genes to biosynthesize essential amino acids and other nutrients. Ipser, R.M., Brinkman, M.A., Gardner, W.A., Peeler, H.B. Systematic Biology 53(1):95-110, Del Toro, I. Worker Major: 1.0mm-7.0mm. Figure 8. Thorax and legs more yellowish red. Exotic Ants of the Florida Keys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Queens in a given colony can work together in brood care[7] and the workers tend to experience higher rates of survival in colonies with multiple queens. Camponotus floridanus (Buckley, 1866) valid Formica floridana Buckley, 1866: 161 (w.) U.S.A. (Florida). associated with queen or male polymorphism ) and tactics based on phenotypic plasticity ( e.g. Please enjoy the care sheet. 2005. Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). homeowners are concerned about damage to the structural integrity of their homes, which they
Citation: AntWeb. Photograph by Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, University of Florida. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Georgia. Florida Entomologist 78: 112-3. Whitcomb W. H., H. A. Denmark, A. P. Bhatkar, and G. L. Greene. Florida Entomologist 55: 129-142. Florida Entomologist 72: 91-101. This species has Workers, Majors & large-headed Super Majors! Only eggs, the newly hatched larvae, workers, and the queen reside in the primary nests. Head ferruginous red; mandibles, antennal scapes and anterior border of cheeks and clypeus darker. It is also the host of the intracellular endosymbiotic bacterium Blochmannia floridanus (Wolschin et al., 2004). These obligately parasitic variants have a mutated supergene and arose directly from their free-living parent strain, suggesting a genetic mechanism for the evolution of ant workerless social parasites. Carpenter Ants are a hardy, slow growing, light tolerant species. A report submitted to Spring Island Nature Preserve, May 2015. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. De Bekker and her team of graduate and undergraduate students specifically study how Ophiocordyceps fungi turns the Camponotus floridanus species of carpenter ants into zombies. The chemistry remains unknown, but correlational evidence suggests that in the ant Camponotus floridanus, queen-specific compounds provide information to allow workers to discriminate eggs as well as to monitor the queen's presence and fertility. As a result, they forgo reproduction to donate energy and help the fertile individuals reproduce. They tend to visit more resource-dense food areas in an attempt to minimize resource availability for others. 72: 91-101 (page 100, revived status as species), Deyrup, M.; Trager, J. Nuptial flights begin around May and peak in the summer months. 2004. Studies in Mycology 90: 119160 (DOI 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002). Genera Insectorum 183: 1-302 (page 108, Combination in C. (Myrmothrix)), Endler A, Liebig J, Hlldobler B 2006. 2010. These systems often lead to an end at some food source often aphid colonies, where the ants extract and feed on honeydew. Production of sexuals in a fission-performing ant: dual effects of queen pheromones and colony size. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Breviora 210: 1-14. 2015. $35.00. As with all members of the Order Hymenoptera, carpenter ants develop by complete metamorphosis,
(LogOut/ Brock and J.J. Wernegreen. 40-55% humidity on one portion of the nest is sufficient. [35] It is a particular favourite source of sugar for Australian Aborigines living in arid regions, partially digging up their nests instead of digging them up entirely, in order to preserve this food source. Genetic underpinnings of host manipulation by, Zhou, X., Slone, J.D., Rokas, A., Berger, S.L., Liebig, J., Ray, A., Reinberg, D., Zwiebel, L.J. Palomeque et al. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Polygynous: Yes. Johnson C. 1986. Fla. Entomol. ; hind tibia, 3 mm. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. ; scape, 2.7 mm. The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World. A non-destructive method for identifying the sex of ant larvae. Queen fertility, egg marking and colony size in the ant, Endler A, Liebig J, Schmitt T, Parker J, Jones G, Schreier P, Hlldobler B 2004. A. United States Department of Agriculture, 1945. These giant ants owe their name to their great size. All; Communities; Influencers; Camponotus. mBio, e0187221. Southeastern Naturalist 17(4): 645-653. These newly fertilized queens discard their wings and search for new areas to establish primary nests. Contributed by Travis MacClendon on 8 March, 2015 - 5:03pm Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Queens on average vary 1416mm in length, and the highly polymorphic workers can potentially attain similar lengths, with the largest majors reaching 1113mm. Moved. However, unlike termites, they do not consume wood,[3] discarding a material that resembles sawdust outside their nest. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species. Clypeus carinate, its border produced as a prominent lobe with sharp corners, between which the median edge is angularly excised. Status: valid. Both male and female alates are attracted to bright white lights and can be found en masse around street, court, and field lights. A pholder about Camponotus. Newly . The Florida carpenter ant is highly productive with colonies growing rapidly, reaching 1,000 workers within the first year and potentially exceeding 8,000 individuals in a mature colony 23 years later. Information on a queen's fertility is thus encoded in the hydrocarbon profile of her eggs. Spatial distribution of colonies of three carpenter ants, Koch, S., Tahara, R., Vasquez-Correa, A., Abouheif, E. 2021. First, a cue must be present on a "donor animal". Forster J.A. 2012. Enter an SRA accession (experiment, study, or submission), title, the scientific name or tax id. Figure 5. Florida Entomologist 69(1):206-228. Otherwise, they might simply be trailing from an interior nest to an exterior food source. Photograph by Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, University of Florida. Environmental Research 131, 104110. [citation needed], Most species of carpenter ants forage at night. These nests are called primary nests. These instances may be rare as the colonies vastly exceeded the standard size of carpenter ant colonies elsewhere. MacGown, J. Allen. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com. It contains facts from FSU and from my years of personal experience with this species. 1995 found that infestations of Florida carpenter ants accounted for approximately 20% of all ant complaints by homeowners. Accessed . After a few years, reproductive winged ants are born, allowing for the making of new colonies. Park, J., Park, J. Explore "Camponotus" posts on Pholder | See more posts about Antkeeping, Ants and Entomology. The ants of South Carolina (thesis, Clemson University). [33] Control involves application of insecticides in various forms including dusts and liquids. 1 (January 1994), pp. (LogOut/ Midsouth Entomologist 3 (2): 106-109. The adults that emerge from this brood will be small ants called minums, and they take over the queen's brood-tending functions so she can concentrate on laying eggs. Jeanne R. J. ; head, 3.5 x 3.4 mm. Distribution:Southeastern United StatesPrimarily abundant in the state of Florida. 2013. Photograph by Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, University of Florida. worker versus sexual in lower termites ) are being . Queenless satellite nests are often founded within 20 to 100 feet of a mature nest. "Carpenter Ants". As satellite nests do not have environmentally sensitive eggs, the ants can construct them in rather diverse locations that can actually be relatively dry. First described as Formica floridana by Buckley in 1866, the species was moved to Camponotus by Mayr in 1886. Notice that worker's head is longer than broad. Sociobiol. Entomol. These cues are called "labels". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, 15311541. Camponotus floridanus Ant Colony Beautiful Starter Colony Roughly 20-40 Workers & Majors. Jones I. M., S. Koptur, and J. E. Pena. The ants of the Florida Keys. A Survey of the Urban Pest Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Peninsular Florida. Sometimes
In those cases use one of the baits made for carpenter ants, and follow the label directions. Science (Washington, D. C.). The colonies typically include a central "parent" colony surrounded and supplemented by smaller satellite colonies. Queen Roughly 10-20 Workers . Exotic ants in Florida. Ants of the Florida Keys: Species Accounts, Biogeography, and Conservation (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Southeastern Naturalist 12(2): 367-378. Wolbachia is associated with the nurse cells in the queen's ovaries in the species Camponotus textor, which results in the worker larva being infected.[16]. 2021. Fowler and R. B. Roberts Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Vol. This means the relatedness between offspring and parents is disproportionate. Carpenter ants will also seek out other insects, both living and dead, for food. Genomic comparison of the ants Camponotus floridanus and Harpegnathos saltator. A., R. L. Brown, J. G. Hill, and B. Layton. (2010) Genomic Comparison of the Ants, Buckley, S. B. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlaa135. Behav. Female alate (reproductive) of the Florida carpenter ant, Camponatus floridanus (Buckley). Deyrup, M. and J. Trager. Another Amazing Southern Carpenter queen! Gaster black, with the posterior edges of the segments narrowly yellow. Formicinae. 1988. In C. floridanus, queen-laid eggs have larger amounts of certain linear and methylbranched alkanes . It is essentially a measure of how closely related two individuals are with respect to a gene. These ants have a fondness for sweets and can be found in campgrounds near soda machines and other areas where sweets are readily accessible. Workers are relentless as they attack, searching meticulously for weaknesses in the skin and targeting vulnerable areas such as the skin creases or the nail cuticles. Again, satellite nests will be established and the process will repeat itself. Endler A, Liebig J, Hlldobler B (2006) Queen fertility, egg marking and colony size in the ant Camponotus floridanus. Age-dependent and task-related volume changes in the mushroom bodies of visually guided desert ants,Cataglyphis bicolor. [19] Social carpenter ants recognize their kin in many ways. Camponotus floridanus has had their entire genome sequenced. [citation needed], Eusocial insects tend to present low genetic diversity within colonies, which can increase with the co-occurrence of multiple queens (polygyny) or with multiple mating by a single queen (polyandry). Primary Diet: Wild & Captive ColoniesCarbohydrates- Sugar water, maple syrup, honey, junk foods, soda, fruit juices, insect honeydew, and nectar.Proteins- Living & dead insects, softened meats, hard boiled egg yolk, liquid protein syrup, bone marrow and soft dog food/treats. Camponotus floridanus is the subspecies of Camponotus specific to Florida ecosystems. Try to follow the foragers back to the nest and then treat the nest. Water towers are great devices to help balance humidity. Direct treatment of nesting sites is recommended because these sites harbor the brood, queen, and a bulk of the workers and winged reproductives, however, finding the nest sites can be difficult. Smith M. R. 1930. 102. doi: Wang, Y., Zuber, R., Laudahn, A., Berger, J., Moussian, B. planatus Roger, has become common in many parts of central and southern Florida. The great diversity of these insects can be seen especially in the large magnification photos. DO NOT place live crickets in your nest when feeding your ants. Carpenter ants work to build the nests that house eggs in environments with usually high humidity due to their sensitivity to environmental humidity. . chapmanii (Fabaceae). Ventilation helps prevent mold growth and accessive formic acid build-up within the nest. Camponotus sansabeanus are ruby red with hints of black on their thoraxes. Petiole like that of the worker major. Carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) (2015) found class II mariner elements, a form of transposable elements, in the genome of this ant. 20: 112-117 (page 117, subspecies of abdominalis). [5] The number of Blochmannia floridanus bacteria within the Florida carpenter ant's midgut increases significantly when the ant pupates, with the bacteria inhabiting cells other than bacteriocytes throughout the gut, suggesting they may also play a role in metamorphosis.[6]. 40: 1-17. (LogOut/ 1326, Agricultural Research Service. Myrmecological News 31: 1-30, Morel, L., Vander Meer, R.K., Lavine, B.K. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Little Ohoopee River Dunes, Emanuel County, Georgia. Cell 184, 58075823.e14, Habenstein, J., Amini, E., Grbel, K., el Jundi, B., Rssler, W. 2020. login or register to post comments. 329: 1068-1071. The tight genome size of ants: diversity and evolution under ancestral state reconstruction and base composition. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4). Psyche (Cambridge) 20: 112-117. Communities in context: the influences of multiscale environmental variation on local ant community structure. P. A. and Bridges. Today, we're taking a look at my new exotic ant species with a crazy queen! 1996) but often several subnests. H.G. It is one of the most . Patterns of co-occurrence and body size overlap among ants in Florida's upland ecosystems. Hymenoptera. 2021. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20: 295-354. Further work on the taxonomy of this section of Camponotus is needed before we will be happy with either the nomenclature or provenance of the Florida species. Saggio di un catalogo sistematico dei generi Camponotus, Polyrhachis e affini. Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fauna of the Marine Port of Savannah, Garden City, Georgia (USA). 2023 California Academy of Sciences. Camponotus floridanus is a pest in the southeastern Unites States. [17] Some species, like Camponotus vagus, build the nest in a dry place, usually in wood. Landscape Ecol. A., J. G. Hill, and M. Deyrup.