At the Cavendish, Oppenheimer had the opportunity to collaborate with the British scientific community in its efforts to advance the cause of atomic research. , 1943. He is said to have remarked after . Remarkable anecdotes of brilliance illustrate his life through early adulthood. Although the scientist lived the majority of his life in New York, California, and New Jersey, the Oppenheimer family leased and subsequently purchased a second home in the northern Pecos Valley during the late 1920s. [6]:179203. , -40 " . He was eventually awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation to develop new pedagogical methods, which resulted in a "Library of Experiments"nearly one hundred models of classical laboratory experiments which could be used in aiding the teaching of physics to elementary and high school children. , , . (: Julius Robert Oppenheimer; 22 1904 - 18 1967) . In 1963 President Lyndon B. Johnson presented Oppenheimer with the Enrico Fermi Award of the Atomic Energy Commission. Oppenheimer is a topographic surname, which was given to a person who resided near a physical feature such as a hill, stream, church, or type of tree. [6]:298[16], Frank Oppenheimer died in 1985, leaving his second wife Mildred Danielson, son Michael, and daughter Judith.[2]. Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds. After the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, Oppenheimer was selected to administer a laboratory to carry out the Manhattan Project, the program that developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II. . [2] The bulk of this collection covers his work in physics and education in the years leading up to his founding of the Exploratorium. As a result, his contract as adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission was cancelled. He died at home in Sausalito, California, on February 3, 1985. Last edited on 27 November 2022, at 04:40, University of California Radiation Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). , , . Oppenheimer received his doctorate in 1927 and accepted professorships at the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Institute of Technology. After the war, Oppenheimer became chairman of the influential General Advisory Committee of the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1. Oppenheimer retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in 1966 and died of throat cancer the following year. 106 Copy quote. Following a successful career, Rob had recently retired to Florida to enjoy his many pursuits. xxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxx xx Jefferson, Kentucky, USA. In spite of Robert's recommendations,[9] Frank and Jackie were married in 1936 and soon both joined the American Communist Party, also against the older brother's advice. As a teacher and promoter of science, he is remembered as a founding father of the American school of theoretical physics that gained world prominence in the 1930s. Ella was born on June 27 1869, in New York. , .[13]. Best Known For: J. Robert Oppenheimer is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for leading the Manhattan Project, the program that developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II. Oppenheimer was a name for someone who lived in the region of Oppenheim in the town of Hesse, between Mainz and Worms. Lawrence named his second son after Robert. This caused a media sensationthat J. Robert Oppenheimer's brother was an admitted former member of the Communist Partyand led to Frank resigning from his post at the University of Minnesota. [3], 1922, . Oppenheimer had the good fortune to be in Europe during a pivotal time in the world of physics, as European physicists were then developing the groundbreaking theory of quantum mechanics. . "The Kennedy name, what Bobby could do in the future, what the other Kennedys were doing, what Jack's. Kitty herself also had communist ties. , . The sagas of famed atomic physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer (JRO) and the state of New Mexico have long been intertwined. J. Robert Oppenheimer, also known as "the father of the atomic bomb", was an American nuclear physicist and director of the Los Alamos Laboratory (Manhattan Project). 1933, . National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) was an American theoretical physicist. His mother, on the other hand, was painter. This led to rumors that he was a communist supporter. From there, he took five- or six-day horseback trips in the wilderness. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer led what was called the Manhattan Project to develop nuclear weapons during World War II. In 1957, the Red Scare had lessened to the point that Oppenheimer was allowed to teach science at a local high school. He spent the last years of his life working out ideas on the relationship between science and society. Also included are papers related to his investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Oppenheimer went on to become chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, which, in October 1949, opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb. This shocking opposition led to accusations that Oppenheimer was a Communist supporter. Cecil Rhodes was the original founder but it ultimately set the roots for the wealth in the Oppenheimer family. 24 1967 JEWISH CHRONICLE February 24 1967. PULITZER PRIZE WINNER The definitive biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the iconic figures of the twentieth century, a brilliant physicist who led the effort to build the atomic bomb for his country in a time of war, and who later found himself confronting the moral consequences of scientific progress. In fact, she was married to her third husband, Richard Harrison, when she met her future fourth husband. He also knew how to throw a great party! These actions essentially ended WW II. They had two children, Peter and Toni. Today, if J. Robert Oppenheimer could walk into the modest cottage on Bathtub Row where he and his family lived during World War II, he would recognize it immediately. For reasons that have not been made clear, Oppenheimer in 1942 initiated discussions with military security agents that culminated with the implication that some of his friends and acquaintances were agents of the Soviet government. Its intention was not to replace a science class, but rather to inspire people to learn about science. Levin Murryworked for theUnited States Engineer District Office. Simon Oppenheimer 04 Jul 1854 Paris, . Born in 1904 to wealthy, cultured, German-Jewish New York parents, he was a precocious, though sickly, child who at age nine challenged an older cousin, "Ask me a question in Latin and I will answer you in Greek." Robert's claim that the 'J' stood "for nothing" is taken from an autobiographical interview conducted by Thomas S. Kuhn on November 18, 1963, which currently resides in the Archive for the History of Quantum Physics. Oppenheimer authored over 60 technical and nontechnical papers. [%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94 ][3][15], , , . John Rooney Julius' father, Benjamin Pinhas Oppenheimer, was an untutored peasant and. Father of Private and Katherine (Toni) Oppenheimer J. J. Thomson, who had been awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for detecting the electron, agreed to take on Oppenheimer as a student. He completed the third and fourth grades in just one year and later skipped a portion of his eighth grade year. Son of Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer and Ella Oppenheimer The Mercury News states that despite the marriage between Robert and Kitty, he continued to have relationships with other women, including with Tatlock. [11] , . [6]:141 Inspired, Frank devoted the next years of his life to creating a similar resource in the United States. . -50 -60 , , . Historians Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner sum up the general historical opinion in their volume Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections, on page 1: "Whether the 'J' in Robert's name stood for Julius or, as Robert himself once said, 'for nothing' may never be fully resolved. , , 1942 . .[1]. . Technically De Beers already existed when Ernest Opprnheimer took the reigns. [1] He was the third generation of his family to run DeBeers, and took the company private in 2001. , 4,000 -2,000 . , , , , . Tatlock, per another article from the Atomic Heritage Foundation, was a psychologist and a known communist party member. J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Los Alamos Laboratory where the atomic bomb was designed, and Manhattan Project director Leslie Groves at ground zero of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, known as the Trinity Test. About 502 OPPENHEIMERs. The idea of having people explore the museum in a way that appeals to everyone was an essential element. Kitty, however, doted on her daughter and was "purely loving" towards her. He studied at Alcuin Preparatory School initially and in 1911, he enrolled at the Ethical Culture Society School. [16] Oppenheimer also worked with the Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC), helping to develop a new high school physics curriculum in the immediate post-Sputnik years. With his students he also made important contributions to the modern theory of neutron stars and black holes, as well as to quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and the interactions of cosmic rays. After the war, Oppenheimer's earlier involvement with the American Communist Party placed him under scrutiny, and he resigned from his physics position at the University of Minnesota. Julius was born in Hanau, then part of the Hesse-Nassau province of the Kingdom of Prussia, and came to the United States as a teenager in 1888 with few resources, no money . [7] , . , . Early life Childhood and education. As for Toni's relationship with Robert, the Atomic Heritage Foundationreports that it was more complex. She reportedly "resented" him, possibly due to being born so early on in her relationship with Robert. Harry Oppenheimer is also featured, however to a lesser extent. The Oppenheimers, through their company Shangani Holistic, turned to the courts after a South African firm Pearline Mineral Exploration started conducting an aerial geophysical survey of the property. Less than three years after Groves selected Oppenheimer to direct weapons development, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. If you don't name it, he probably still aced it. (Julius) Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904. Although Oppenheimer had little managerial experience and some troublesome past associations with Communist causes, General Leslie Groves recognized his exceptional scientific brilliance. After being bedridden for months, his parents arranged for him to spend the summer of 1922 in New Mexico, a haven for health-seekers. , ' ' , 1906 . J. Robert Oppenheimer Siblings J. Robert has a younger brother Frank Oppenheimer. UAAKON Chevalier says that J. Feb 25 1967 - Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Feb 18 1967 - Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, USA, Julius Seligman Oppenheimer, Ella Oppenheimer (born Friedman), Walter Julius Oppenheimer, George Seligmann Oppenheimer, Julius Oppenheimer, Ella Oppenheimer (born Freidman), Apr 22 1904 - New York City, New York, United States, Cremated, (ashes scattered over the Virgin Islands), ANU Museum of the Jewish People (formerly Beit Hatfutsot) Exhibit Project. After resigning from his post in 1945, he became the chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission. Name: School: . Residence. Astrological Sign: Taurus, Death Year: 1967, Death date: February 18, 1967, Death State: New Jersey, Death City: Princeton, Death Country: United States, Article Title: J. Robert Oppenheimer Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/scientists/j-robert-oppenheimer, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: May 6, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. ( " ") , , '. View Site Robert stayed at a dude ranch 25 miles northeast of Santa Fe with high school teacher Herbert Smith as a companion and mentor. Brother of Frank Friedman Oppenheimer and Oppenheimer, Julius Robert Oppenheimer [see note] was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. - . However, by 1949, Oppenheimer was against the creation of a hydrogen bomb (via Britannica). Dec. 16, 2022, 7:13 p.m. Price $1-60. As he witnessed the first detonation of a nuclear weapon on July 16, 1945, a piece of Hindu scripture ran through the mind of Robert Oppenheimer: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds . His father, Julius, had fled Jewish persecution in Europe as a teenager. Prior to his assassination in 1963, President .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}John F. Kennedy announced Oppenheimer would receive the Enrico Fermi Award for his achievements in physics. Oppenheimer was married to a botanist, Kitty. Having a large control of the diamond trade will easily do that. For more information, please see Oppenheimer Security Hearing. Along with Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, and Joseph Rotblat he established the World Academy of Art and Science in 1960. Updates? Alternate titles: Julius Robert Oppenheimer, Former producer in French broadcasting. Tatlock, per another article from the Atomic Heritage Foundation, was a psychologist and a known communist party member. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds. Although he majored in chemistry, Oppenheimer eventually realized his true passion was the study of physics. , ' ' , . It was the perfect time and place for the future physicist to have entered the world: the turn of the century ushered in a golden age of technological advances, and the power of science seemed infinite. In 1947 he took a position as assistant professor of physics at the University of Minnesota,[13] where he participated in the discovery of heavy cosmic ray nuclei. [8] Afterwards, Frank studied for a year and a half at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England, where he also earned a pilot's license. The pair reportedly met at a party in 1939 and married in 1940. Corrections? At Berkeley, he became good friends with Ernest Lawrence, one of the worlds top experimental physicists and the inventor of the cyclotron. From 1941 to 1945 Frank worked at the University of California Radiation Laboratory on the problem of uranium isotope separation under the direction of his brother's good friend, Ernest O. The theoretical work of how the atomic bomb would function had to be converted into a practical weapon that could be dropped from an airplane and explode above its target. Oppenheimer enrolled at Harvard in September 1922. He also did groundbreaking work on neutron stars and black holes. Born Katherine Puening Harrison, she has been described as a free-spirit and a nonconforming woman (via "Oppenheimer: a Life"). Oppenheimer was instructed to establish and administer a laboratory to carry out this assignment. That mass was equivalent to energy and that matter could be both wavelike and corpuscular carried implications seen only dimly at that time. , . It was at this time that Oppenheimer started to figure out a method to separate uranium-235 from natural uranium and determine the critical mass of uranium required to build an atomic bomb. He continued lecturing around the world, and was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award in 1963. The remainder of his high school education was completed at Fieldston School in Riverdale; a school operated by the Ethical Culture Society.[8]. -14 1945, , . , " . On Dec. 23, 1953, J. Robert Oppenheimer received a letter informing him . Accusations of disloyalty led to a government hearing that resulted in the loss of his security clearance and of his position as adviser to the highest echelons of the U.S. government. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. After seeing the bomb's devastation, however, Oppenheimer argued against its further development, and he resigned from his post that same year. That year marked the first test of the bomb, and with its success, two more bombs were deployed in the following month: one in Nagasaki, Japan and the other in Hiroshima. [22][21] The exhibits were arranged and structured to allow for free access to any part of the museum. In a 1954 security hearing he described his contribution to those discussions as a tissue of lies.. Oppenheimer's achievements in physics included the BornOppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the OppenheimerPhillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling. "Her only interest was the Kennedy family," Oppenheimer told People magazine in 1991. Oppenheimer earned his PhD and his highly prestigious job in spite of his communist affiliations and (even more strikingly) having once been accused of trying to poison his professor. [6]:185 He personally recruited artist Bob Miller to create Sun Painting, the first major art installation at the Exploratorium. . Along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. [6]:138139 These models would later become the core of the first exhibits at the Exploratorium. His responsibilities included the instrumentation for the Trinity test site, in New Mexico. His brother Frank surmised that the 'J' was symbolic, a gesture in the direction of naming the eldest son after the father but at the same time a signal that his parents did not want Robert to be a 'junior.'" If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline by dialing 988 or by calling 1-800-273-TALK (8255). By the time the Manhattan Project was launched in the fall of 1942, Oppenheimer was already considered an exceptional theoretical physicist and had become deeply involved in exploring the possibility of an atomic bomb. , . ET. Although his fathers death in 1937 left Oppenheimer a fortune that allowed him to subsidize anti-Fascist organizations, the tragic suffering inflicted by Joseph Stalin on Russian scientists led him to withdraw his associations with the Communist Partyin fact, he never joined the partyand at the same time reinforced in him a liberal democratic philosophy. In addition, he trained a whole generation of U.S. physicists, who were greatly affected by his qualities of leadership and intellectual independence. During those years Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, was living in Princeton, New Jersey, and dealing with the security hearing. During the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer was director of the Los Alamos Laboratory and responsible for the research and design of an atomic bomb. -1945. In October of the same year, Oppenheimer resigned his post. Julius Robert Oppenheimer 22 Apr 1904 New York City, New York, United States - 18 Feb 1967 managed by Mike Greer last edited 14 Dec 2022. He also studied the flute under nationally known teacher George Barrera, becoming competent enough at the instrument to consider a career as a flautist. Beginning in 1947, Oppenheimer directed the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he convened great scientists. He attended the New York School for Ethical Culture, where he gained a lifelong love for art, literature, philosophy, and the classics. [12] In 1945 he was sent to the enrichment facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to help monitor the equipment. J. Robert has 2 children; Peter Oppenheimer and Katherine Oppenheimer. He was very much excited about his invention in the beginning, but when he actual saw the test explosion (Trinity Explosion) he began having a change of heart. [24] The University of Minnesota holds archives covering Oppenheimer's physics work during 19461959. His security clearance was revoked in 1954 in a hearing during the Second Red Scare. , "Dementia praecox" - . 96pp. , , . 1921, . Listen to J. Robert Oppenheimer's Oral History on Voices of the Manhattan Project. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}8 Black Medical Pioneers You Should Know, Biography: You Need to Know: Fazlur Rahman Khan, Biography: You Need to Know: Tony Hansberry, Biography: You Need to Know: Bessie Blount Griffin, Biography: You Need to Know: Frances Glessner Lee, Biography: You Need To Know: Rachel Carson. All rights reserved. [6]:118, In his work, Oppenheimer followed the well-known old Latin principle Docendo discimus"the best way to learn is to teach". Since quantum theory had been proposed only a few years before, the university post provided him an excellent opportunity to devote his entire career to the exploration and development of its full significance. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer later remarked that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.". After Kennedy's assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented the award to him in December of that year. In the 1920s the new quantum and relativity theories were engaging the attention of science. He entered into studies at Johns Hopkins University in 1930, graduating three years later with a BS in physics. They demonstrate the exhibits and explain the principles involved all while circulating among visitors, rather than guiding them along. Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the atom bomb, is shown at his study in Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J., Dec. 15, 1957. During his undergraduate studies at Harvard University, Oppenheimer excelled in Latin, Greek, physics, and chemistry, published poetry, and studied Eastern philosophy. Frank Friedman Oppenheimer (August 14, 1912 February 3, 1985) was an American particle physicist, cattle rancher, professor of physics at the University of Colorado, and the founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Oppenheimers early research was devoted in particular to energy processes of subatomic particles, including electrons, positrons, and cosmic rays. , , 1908, . Husband of Katherine (Puening) Oppenheimer married 1 Nov 1940 in United States. A younger brother of renowned physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Frank Oppenheimer conducted research on aspects of nuclear physics during the time of the Manhattan Project, and made contributions to uranium enrichment. Blake worked in the United States Engineer District Office. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904. J. Robert Oppenheimer. In 1977, Oppenheimer was diagnosed with lymphoma, and underwent two years of successful chemotherapy. Oppenheimer was the son of a German immigrant who had made his fortune by importing textiles in New York City. Under Oppenheimer's tutelage, several students from Pagosa Springs High School took first prize at the Colorado State Science Fair. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1974, Oppenheimer established an ongoing artist-in-residence program at the Exploratorium, regularly bringing in a succession of emerging and established artists working at the boundaries of art and science. Oppenheimer's parents (an artist and a successful businessman) fostered his passions, made him join clubs, taught him skills like public speaking and negotiation, and introduced him to high-powered people and insisted that he not be intimidated. Although Oppenheimer's wife, Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, is not as revered, the Atomic Heritage Foundationstates that she played a significant role in his life and at his hearing. Born Julius Robert Oppenheimer on April 22, 1904, in New York City, Oppenheimer grew up in a Manhattan apartment adorned with paintings by van Gogh, Czanne, and Gauguin. J. Robert Oppenheimer was a man interested by mystic Eastern religions, a Communist sympathizer, and widely considered, "the father of the atomic bomb." Over 70 years after the Manhattan Project, the world is still reeling from the effects of dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. J. Robert Oppenheimer is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for leading the Manhattan Project, the program that developed the first nuclear weapon during World War II. : BioCast - : , iCast, 25 2011 , , , " ", 22 2015 , , " " , 22 2017 , . Born on April 22, 1904, Oppenheimer was in a class of his own academically. Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City in 1904, the son of wealthy, non-observant Jewish parents. Other interesting facts about Robert J. Oppenheimer. In fact, she was married to her third husband, Richard Harrison, when she met her future fourth husband. After graduating from Harvard University, Oppenheimer sailed to England and enrolled at the University of Cambridge, where he began his atomic research at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1925. Oppenheimer had made political enemies by arguing against the development of the hydrogen bomb, and revoking his clearance stripped him of political power. Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904, in New York City, to German Jewish immigrants. Photo: Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Birth Year: 1904, Birth date: April 22, 1904, Birth State: New York, Birth City: New York, Birth Country: United States. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York on April 22, 1904. In American Prometheus, Bird and Sherwin paint a rich portrait of Oppenheimer's early years. In 1936 he sided with the republic during the Civil War in Spain, where he became acquainted with Communist students. Oppenheimer was made the worldwide symbol of the scientist, who, while trying to resolve the moral problems that arise from scientific discovery, becomes the victim of a witch hunt. " ", , , . Robert Julius OPPENHEIMER was born on month day 1904, at birth place, New York, to Julius Seligmann OPPENHEIMER and Ella OPPENHEIMER (born FRIEDMANN). Thusly, in 1953, he was suspended from secret nuclear research, stripped of his security clearance by the Atomic Energy Commission. Robert's father, Julius Oppenheimer, was born on May 12, 1871, in the German town of Hanau, just east of Frankfurt. Not initially but when the gravity of his actions hit him, he expressed remorse. In 1947 he became head of the Institute for Advanced Study and served from 1947 until 1952 as chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, which in October 1949 opposed development of the hydrogen bomb. Hobson explained that things seem to change once the kids went off to school. The case became a cause clbre in the world of science because of its implications concerning political and moral issues relating to the role of scientists in government. Per the Atomic Heritage Foundation, the pair also had two children together: a son, Peter, and a daughter, Toni. J. Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence, Oppenheimer with the "Gadget" before the Trinity test, General Leslie R. Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer after the successful Trinity test, Ernest Lawrence, Glenn Seaborg, and J. Robert Oppenheimer, John von Neumann, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the MANIAC computer. [6]:180 Another early work was the Tactile Dome (1971), by August Coppola (father of actor Nicolas Cage and brother of the film director Francis Coppola). , , , . When young Robert was five years old, the Oppenheimer family went on a trip . , . ' , , . The Oppenheimer family had an impressive art collection, including works by Picasso, Vuillard, and three Van Gogh originals. Born 22 Apr 1904 in New York City, New York, United States. 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA. [8], During World War II, Frank's older brother Robert became the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, part of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to produce the first atomic weapons.