That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. But other factors would enter also. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Festinger, L. (1957). task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. In the . Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Let us review these briefly: 1. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. hbbd``b` H? The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. You have created 2 folders. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Please select the correct language below. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. (Goleman, 1991) What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. %%EOF
Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. ---------------------References: Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. %PDF-1.5 Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Please sign in to share these flashcards. KING, B.T. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Introducing Cram Folders! & KING, B.T. 52 0 obj endobj Vince's behavior is an example of. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0`
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GHM. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. %%EOF Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). [/PDF The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. endobj He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. /H [ 658 210 ] Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. 0000000868 00000 n In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. 0000094931 00000 n He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. endobj To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. Rating scale 0 to 10. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. 0000000974 00000 n The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. /Info 46 0 R _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. >> The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. 0000000848 00000 n endstream
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During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. 0 It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Oct. 2011. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction.