Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Citations The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . And let the labouring barque climb hills of seas Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). A archethpes symbol or myth leads to the establishment of a general truth. The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. While the beautiful. And so much duty as my mother showd I am hitherto your daughter. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. Witness that here Iago doth give up Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of, The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotles established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. In archetypal criticism, under the reductive method of analysis, a critic, while elucidating a text, moves from the particular truth to the general truth. archetypal criticism in othello. He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. That Cassios not alive. Twere now to be most happy, for I fear Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. As the handkercheif is stolen from Desdemona, Othello believes that she has become unfaithful to him, which leads him down a jealous path and eventually kill her. You elements that clip us round about, This book established the priority of interest in the archetypal over the mythological. This is not a satisfactory frame of mind for an investigator, and it is certainly not an . Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. Because of that, it has generated a lot of literary criticism in the 400 years since it was written and first . Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. The tragic heros downfall, said Aristotle, was brought upon by some error of judgement. That not another comfort like to this In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. His demise was of his own doing. He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Just another site. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. : Feminist: Ex. To you, preferring you before her father, According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. Then must you speak Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. Looking at William Shakespeare's Othello The Moor Of Venice, the central character, Othello is revered as the tragic hero. : In this quote, Othello is stating that his wife's supposed infidelity has ruined his name and turned it "black" and dirty like his own face, showing that a woman's fidelity was linked to a man's honor. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. What bloody business ever. Othello demonstrates all of these characteristics in the play, proving him to be a tragic hero. While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. O my souls joy, Iago: My friend is dead. A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. "Who can control his fate?" In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. In his "The . . O, farewell! (5. In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. 125-126). We'll take a look right away. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. The execution of his wit, hands, heart Another important influence was Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) who used the term archetype to what he called "primordial images". These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . Of all Shakespeares tragedies . New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. He is a character of high stature that is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! O, damn her, damn her! Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. . Within these three days let me hear thee say So much I challenge that I may profess Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. Egypt) and titles (e.g. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). Archetypal Criticism of Othello Othello, one of Shakespeare's most popular tragedies, is full of symbols, motifs, and themes that make it relatable to people all over the world. ("Literary Criticism.") Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. Home Archetypal Criticism Archetypal Criticism, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on October 22, 2020 ( 0 ). To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics.
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